Barry Keith Grant 1995 all genres have subgenres
Patrick Phillips 1996 Genre offers audiences comfort
Rick Altman 1999 Genre offers pleasure
Branson and Stafford 1999
Wednesday, 19 October 2016
Unit 1 Genre and Narrative
Why is is important to be able to identify a genre of a media product?
Because audiences like genres, and we need to know why. For advertising.
What different ways can the narrative be structured?
There are different theories on narratives, one of them recons that a narrative should start of calm, then an event occurs which disturbs the equilbrium, leading to a restoration of the equilbrium.
Cultural Values:
Diverisity.
Iconography:
Location/Settings:
It relates back to genre, eg space to sci-fi, deserts to western, churches to horror.
Narrative: Todorov's theory.
1. Equilbirium - where the scene is set and the introduction of characters.
2. Disequilibrium - something happens that complicates or causes a problem for protagonist.
3. Climax - Climaz: The decisive meoment where matters come to head, the suspense is at high to restore equilbrium t.
4. New equilibrium - the matters are resolved.
Tzvetan Todorov: Suggest most narratives start with a state of equilibrium.
Claude Levi-Strauss: Binary Oppositions. His research has been adapted by media theorist to reveal underlying themes.
Because audiences like genres, and we need to know why. For advertising.
What different ways can the narrative be structured?
There are different theories on narratives, one of them recons that a narrative should start of calm, then an event occurs which disturbs the equilbrium, leading to a restoration of the equilbrium.
Cultural Values:
Diverisity.
Iconography:
Location/Settings:
It relates back to genre, eg space to sci-fi, deserts to western, churches to horror.
Narrative: Todorov's theory.
1. Equilbirium - where the scene is set and the introduction of characters.
2. Disequilibrium - something happens that complicates or causes a problem for protagonist.
3. Climax - Climaz: The decisive meoment where matters come to head, the suspense is at high to restore equilbrium t.
4. New equilibrium - the matters are resolved.
Tzvetan Todorov: Suggest most narratives start with a state of equilibrium.
Claude Levi-Strauss: Binary Oppositions. His research has been adapted by media theorist to reveal underlying themes.
Tuesday, 18 October 2016
LO2 traditional to digital methods
VOD
-Pre 2000 web pages were not interactive
-broadband
-Web
-INTERACTIVE AUDIO VISUAL CONTENT
Digital methods are in existence because of technological convergance.
Technologies coming together to provide area service for the audience.
THEORY: "Black Box" Jenkins 2006
Above the line advertising methods, PREMIERES, TARGETED AUDIENCES, TRAILERS, POSTERS and REVIEWS.
Below the line advertising methods, INSTAGRAM UPDATES, INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL MEDIA, COMPETITIONS.
-Pre 2000 web pages were not interactive
-broadband
-Web
-INTERACTIVE AUDIO VISUAL CONTENT
Digital methods are in existence because of technological convergance.
Technologies coming together to provide area service for the audience.
THEORY: "Black Box" Jenkins 2006
Above the line advertising methods, PREMIERES, TARGETED AUDIENCES, TRAILERS, POSTERS and REVIEWS.
Below the line advertising methods, INSTAGRAM UPDATES, INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL MEDIA, COMPETITIONS.
Tuesday, 11 October 2016
LO3 Narrative Theory
The difference between story and narrative.
Story is what happens through out the film and what dilemma they go through.
Narrative is the type of film and how its plotted.
What narrative theories can you name?
Story = a sequence of events - the plot.
Narrative = the techniques used to tell the story. How the story is structured.
XMEN: Days of Future Past.
The plot: The film starts in a dystopian future where a group of X-MEN are trying to survive attacks from the robot assassins called Sentinels, which are designed to kill mutants. In order to secure the future and survival of mutants, they send Wolverine back in time to go and make sure that the Sentinels are never invented.
KEY THEORY 1: Tim O' Sullivan et al. (1998) Through careful mediation, media texts offer a way of telling stories about ourselves (as a culture) - these are ideologies. "All media texts tell us some kind of story."
Wider meanings, ideologies that the story X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST tells the audience.
Extinction is wrong (Sentinels sent to kill all mutants), segregation is wrong (brings up the topic of separating Mankind from Mutants, almost compares it to the holocaust), and you shouldn't fear difference (the reason the humans in the film want to kill all the mutants, is because they are worried about what they are capable of doing due to their abilities). Also shows the corruption in things that seem like they are there for your protection. (Almost a dig at the American government).
KEY THEORY 2: Pam Cook (1985) The standard Hollywood narrative structure should have:
"Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution".
A high degree of narrative closure.
A fictional world that contains verisimilitude especially governed by spatial and temporal coherence.
How X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST presents an enigma that is resolved.
The X-MEN franchise constantly deals with what its like to feel different to everyone else, and its never quite resolved fully
KEY THEORY 3: Tzvetan Todorov 1977
Stage 1: A point of stable equilibrium.
Stage 2: This stability is disrupted by some kind of force, which creates a state of disequilibrium.
Stage 3: Action directed against the distrubtin.
Stage 4: Restoration to new equilibrium.
Does X-MEN DAYS OF FUTURE PAST follow this type of narrative?
KEY THEORY 4: Claude Levi-Strauss (1958)
Binary Opposites.
XMEN: DOFP:
Man vs Mutants
Technology vs Mutants
Good vs Bad
KEY THEORY 5:
fairy tale one research
KEY THEROY 6: Roland Barthes (1977) Narrative codes:
Enigma codes work to keep up setting problems or puzzles for the audience
Action codes work inform the audience in terms of what is happening in the next shot/scene
GENRE ANALYSIS
Story is what happens through out the film and what dilemma they go through.
Narrative is the type of film and how its plotted.
What narrative theories can you name?
Story = a sequence of events - the plot.
Narrative = the techniques used to tell the story. How the story is structured.
XMEN: Days of Future Past.
The plot: The film starts in a dystopian future where a group of X-MEN are trying to survive attacks from the robot assassins called Sentinels, which are designed to kill mutants. In order to secure the future and survival of mutants, they send Wolverine back in time to go and make sure that the Sentinels are never invented.
KEY THEORY 1: Tim O' Sullivan et al. (1998) Through careful mediation, media texts offer a way of telling stories about ourselves (as a culture) - these are ideologies. "All media texts tell us some kind of story."
Wider meanings, ideologies that the story X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST tells the audience.
Extinction is wrong (Sentinels sent to kill all mutants), segregation is wrong (brings up the topic of separating Mankind from Mutants, almost compares it to the holocaust), and you shouldn't fear difference (the reason the humans in the film want to kill all the mutants, is because they are worried about what they are capable of doing due to their abilities). Also shows the corruption in things that seem like they are there for your protection. (Almost a dig at the American government).
KEY THEORY 2: Pam Cook (1985) The standard Hollywood narrative structure should have:
"Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution".
A high degree of narrative closure.
A fictional world that contains verisimilitude especially governed by spatial and temporal coherence.
How X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST presents an enigma that is resolved.
The X-MEN franchise constantly deals with what its like to feel different to everyone else, and its never quite resolved fully
KEY THEORY 3: Tzvetan Todorov 1977
Stage 1: A point of stable equilibrium.
Stage 2: This stability is disrupted by some kind of force, which creates a state of disequilibrium.
Stage 3: Action directed against the distrubtin.
Stage 4: Restoration to new equilibrium.
Does X-MEN DAYS OF FUTURE PAST follow this type of narrative?
KEY THEORY 4: Claude Levi-Strauss (1958)
Binary Opposites.
XMEN: DOFP:
Man vs Mutants
Technology vs Mutants
Good vs Bad
KEY THEORY 5:
fairy tale one research
KEY THEROY 6: Roland Barthes (1977) Narrative codes:
Enigma codes work to keep up setting problems or puzzles for the audience
Action codes work inform the audience in terms of what is happening in the next shot/scene
GENRE ANALYSIS
LO3 Narrative Theory
The difference between story and narrative.
Story is what happens through out the film and what dilemma they go through.
Narrative is the type of film and how its plotted.
What narrative theories can you name?
Story = a sequence of events - the plot.
Narrative = the techniques used to tell the story. How the story is structured.
XMEN: Days of Future Past.
The plot: The film starts in a dystopian future where a group of X-MEN are trying to survive attacks from the robot assassins called Sentinels, which are designed to kill mutants. In order to secure the future and survival of mutants, they send Wolverine back in time to go and make sure that the Sentinels are never invented.
KEY THEORY 1: Tim O' Sullivan et al. (1998) Through careful mediation, media texts offer a way of telling stories about ourselves (as a culture) - these are ideologies. "All media texts tell us some kind of story."
Wider meanings, ideologies that the story X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST tells the audience.
Extinction is wrong (Sentinels sent to kill all mutants), segregation is wrong (brings up the topic of separating Mankind from Mutants, almost compares it to the holocaust), and you shouldn't fear difference (the reason the humans in the film want to kill all the mutants, is because they are worried about what they are capable of doing due to their abilities). Also shows the corruption in things that seem like they are there for your protection. (Almost a dig at the American government).
KEY THEORY 2: Pam Cook (1985) The standard Hollywood narrative structure should have:
"Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution".
A high degree of narrative closure.
A fictional world that contains verisimilitude especially governed by spatial and temporal coherence.
KEY THEORY 3: disturbance in equilibrium and so o n
KEY THEORY 4: binary
KEY THEORY 5: Vladimir Propp (1929)
All narratives features stock characters and that audience understood stories because of such features
Villain/antagonist
Hero/protagonist
Helper/supporter (sidekick)
Princess (the prize for the hero - not necessarily a person) one that is rescued/saved/help.
KEY THEROY 6: Roland Barthes (1977) Narrative codes:
Enigma codes work to keep up setting problems or puzzles for the audience
Action codes work inform the audience in terms of what is happening in the next shot/scene
Story is what happens through out the film and what dilemma they go through.
Narrative is the type of film and how its plotted.
What narrative theories can you name?
Story = a sequence of events - the plot.
Narrative = the techniques used to tell the story. How the story is structured.
XMEN: Days of Future Past.
The plot: The film starts in a dystopian future where a group of X-MEN are trying to survive attacks from the robot assassins called Sentinels, which are designed to kill mutants. In order to secure the future and survival of mutants, they send Wolverine back in time to go and make sure that the Sentinels are never invented.
KEY THEORY 1: Tim O' Sullivan et al. (1998) Through careful mediation, media texts offer a way of telling stories about ourselves (as a culture) - these are ideologies. "All media texts tell us some kind of story."
Wider meanings, ideologies that the story X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST tells the audience.
Extinction is wrong (Sentinels sent to kill all mutants), segregation is wrong (brings up the topic of separating Mankind from Mutants, almost compares it to the holocaust), and you shouldn't fear difference (the reason the humans in the film want to kill all the mutants, is because they are worried about what they are capable of doing due to their abilities). Also shows the corruption in things that seem like they are there for your protection. (Almost a dig at the American government).
KEY THEORY 2: Pam Cook (1985) The standard Hollywood narrative structure should have:
"Linearity of cause and effect within an overall trajectory of enigma resolution".
A high degree of narrative closure.
A fictional world that contains verisimilitude especially governed by spatial and temporal coherence.
KEY THEORY 3: disturbance in equilibrium and so o n
KEY THEORY 4: binary
KEY THEORY 5: Vladimir Propp (1929)
All narratives features stock characters and that audience understood stories because of such features
Villain/antagonist
Hero/protagonist
Helper/supporter (sidekick)
Princess (the prize for the hero - not necessarily a person) one that is rescued/saved/help.
KEY THEROY 6: Roland Barthes (1977) Narrative codes:
Enigma codes work to keep up setting problems or puzzles for the audience
Action codes work inform the audience in terms of what is happening in the next shot/scene
Wednesday, 5 October 2016
LO3 Genre Theory
Genre: Type, category.
-Horror
-Action
-Comedy
-Sci-Fi
-Thrillers
-Psychological Thrillers
-Adventure
-Social Realism
-Rom-Com
Analyse how the product techniques used create mening in a media produc you have studies.
Analyse the conceps of 'genre' and 'representation' in a media product you have sudied.
Genre is a critical tool that helps us study texts and audience responses to texts by dividing them into categories based on commn elements.
These common elemens ae called generic covenions/characteristics/elements or tropes.
This scene from X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST shows that the film is a hyrbrid genre: a sci-fi action film.
All genres have sub-genres, for example within the genre with Horror, there are sub-genre's such as Slasher films, Zombie films and psychological horrors.
A very likely sub-genre for X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST is Time Travel, since the whole film relies on the fact that time travel is real.
-Horror
-Action
-Comedy
-Sci-Fi
-Thrillers
-Psychological Thrillers
-Adventure
-Social Realism
-Rom-Com
Analyse how the product techniques used create mening in a media produc you have studies.
Analyse the conceps of 'genre' and 'representation' in a media product you have sudied.
Genre is a critical tool that helps us study texts and audience responses to texts by dividing them into categories based on commn elements.
These common elemens ae called generic covenions/characteristics/elements or tropes.
This scene from X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST shows that the film is a hyrbrid genre: a sci-fi action film.
All genres have sub-genres, for example within the genre with Horror, there are sub-genre's such as Slasher films, Zombie films and psychological horrors.
A very likely sub-genre for X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST is Time Travel, since the whole film relies on the fact that time travel is real.
Tuesday, 4 October 2016
Diegetic Sounds and Non-Diegetic Sounds
Sound is important in creatin meaning for the audience, because it can make the illusion of films stronger, it can also enchance emotions and connote what is going on in the film.
Diegesis is the narrative construct that everthing takes place in, it is the "storyworld/the world that the film/TV programme takes place in".
How real the diegesis appears is linked to the level of "verisimilitude" (which means the apperannce of being real).
Accent: the way you pronounce words, location.
Tone: How you speak acording your emotions, (angry/happy). Intonation.
Dialect: the words we use, location.
Mode of adress:
-peer to peer
-parent to child
-teacher to pupil
THE MIGHTY BOOSH: NORTHEN
Synchronous Sounds:
Synchoronous sounds are sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is being seen.
This is diegetic sound.
This can be used for simple examples such as footsteps or movement. Another example: when characters play instruments the sound, in most cases, is added in post-production as part of a sychronous sound.
This contribuyes to the realism of the film and also help to create a pratiicular atmosphere. An example could be the exaggeration of the sound of a door clickuing open could connote an ominouise action such as burglary.
Sound Bridge
When music changes from either diegetic to non-diegetic, or non-diegetic to diegetic.
Incidental Music
Music composed in afilm or play as a bacground to create or enhance a particular atmosphere
The incidental music is composed to accompany the action of a dramaa or to fill intervals between scenes
Gives hints to what is about to ahppen next typically used in horror and dramas to build tension
Diegesis is the narrative construct that everthing takes place in, it is the "storyworld/the world that the film/TV programme takes place in".
How real the diegesis appears is linked to the level of "verisimilitude" (which means the apperannce of being real).
Accent: the way you pronounce words, location.
Tone: How you speak acording your emotions, (angry/happy). Intonation.
Dialect: the words we use, location.
Mode of adress:
-peer to peer
-parent to child
-teacher to pupil
THE MIGHTY BOOSH: NORTHEN
Synchronous Sounds:
Synchoronous sounds are sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is being seen.
This is diegetic sound.
This can be used for simple examples such as footsteps or movement. Another example: when characters play instruments the sound, in most cases, is added in post-production as part of a sychronous sound.
This contribuyes to the realism of the film and also help to create a pratiicular atmosphere. An example could be the exaggeration of the sound of a door clickuing open could connote an ominouise action such as burglary.
Sound Bridge
When music changes from either diegetic to non-diegetic, or non-diegetic to diegetic.
Incidental Music
Music composed in afilm or play as a bacground to create or enhance a particular atmosphere
The incidental music is composed to accompany the action of a dramaa or to fill intervals between scenes
Gives hints to what is about to ahppen next typically used in horror and dramas to build tension
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